COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
Countable nouns is nouns that we can cout.Examples :
- bottle, box, litre
- table, chair
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
- My bag is big
- My bags are big
We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
- This is an umbrella
We can use some and any with countable nouns, “any” used for negative sentences and positive sentences.
- I haven’t any money
- Have you take any money ?
Uncountable Nouns are Nouns that we can not count them.
Example :
- furniture, luggage
- rice, sugar, butter, water
- electricity, gas, power
NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS
Questions by simple inversion; negative with “not” use short form of negative.
Examples :
1. I don’t like him very much.
2. Do you like him ?
3. I don’t want to go there.
4. Do you want to go there ?
ADVERB OF ORDER
As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb frequency because it is shorter (and simpler)
Examples :
1. We visited the museum as often as we could.
2. I will go to the post office tomorrow.
3. I would like to read that book sometime.
4. We waited patiently for the play to begin.
5. Once in a while, I like to try something new.
IMPERATIVE
We can use the imperative to give a direct order.
- Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.
- Stand up straight.
- Give me the details.
We can use the imperative to give instructions.
- Open your book.
- Take two tablets every evening.
- Take a left and then a right.
We can use the imperative to make an invitation.
- Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
- Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
- Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.
We can use the imperative on signs and notices.
- Push.
- Do not use.
- Insert one dollar.
We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.
- Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.
- Have a quiet word with her about it.
- Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.
We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.
- Do be quiet.
- Do come.
- Do sit down.
POSSESSIVE CASE
The possessive case of a noun or pronoun shows ownership or association.
Nearly all nouns and indefinite pronouns show possession by ending with the s sound. This is spelled with and apostrophe plus an s.
For the rules on this see the "Apostrophes" heading in the Punctuation Contents.
Examples: Francine's sweater
(The sweater owned by Francine.)
(The sweater owned by Francine.)
George's grandfather
(The grandfather associated with George.)
(The grandfather associated with George.)
Possessives normally modify nouns as in the examples above, but sometimes they stand by themselves as a noun rather than as a modifier.
Example: That sweater is Francine's.
The possessive case of personal pronouns is irregular. Some possessive pronouns like my and your modify nouns. Others, like mine and yours stand alone and do not act as modifiers.
INTRODUCTION AND INTERROGATIVE
An interrogative construction is grammatical form used to ask a question. There are two kinds of questions : yes/no questions and information questions. So called yes/no questions may be answered with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
Examples :
1. An actor became governor?
2. Who wants to drink water?
3. Why haven't the tulips flowered?
TELLING THE TIME
Example :
01 : 15 --------àIt’s a Quarter past one
You also can said “ One Fifteen”
02 : 30 --------à It’s a half past two.
You can also said “ Two thirty”.
It is five o’clock ( 05 :00 )
TOO AND ENOUGH
Too = excess; is a kind of negative. And enough= sufficiently; ai a kind of positive
Examples of enough :
1. I have enough money for the CD player.
2. There aren't enough people to make a team.
3. He is not tough enough to play football.
4. Tony was tall enough to play on the basketball team.
5. They were smart enough to pass the test.
Examples of too
1. He is too old to ride the Merry-Go-Round.
2. She has too much money.
3. She is too young to drink alcohol.
4. There are too many people on this train, there's nowhere to sit.
5. Jerry was too young to watch the movie.
SOME AND ANY
Too and Enough are used with adjectives and indicate degree. Too means more than necessary, and it precedes the adjective. Enough means sufficient and usually follows the adjective.
· The Formula
a. Too : “to” + infinitive and/or “for” +noun
b. Enough : s + to be + adj + enough + to infinitive
· Example
a. She has too much money
b. He is too old to ride the Harley Davidson
c. They were smart enough to pass the test
d. I have enough money for the CD player
AUXILARY VERBS
We can use all subjects in auxiliary verbs, either singular or plural.
Will = be going to
Can = be able to
May = have permission to
Might = possibility
Should = ought to
Must = have to
We use 'can' to talk about 'possibility'.
- Can you do that?
- I can't manage to do that.
- You can leave your car in that parking space.
- You cannot smoke in here.
Notice that there are two negative forms: 'can't' and 'cannot'. These mean exactly the same thing. When we are speaking, we usually say 'can't'.
We use 'can' to talk about 'ability'.
- I can speak French.
- I can't drive.
We use 'can' to ask for and give permission. (We also use 'may' for this but is more formal and much less common.)
- Can I speak to you or are you too busy?
- You can use my phone.
- You can't come in.
We use 'can' in offers, requests and instructions.
- Can I help?
- Can you give me a hand?
- When you finish that, you can take out the garbage.
We use 'can' with 'see' 'hear' 'feel' 'smell' 'taste' to talk about something which is happening now . (Where you would use the present continuous with most other verbs.)
- I can smell something burning.
- Can you hear that noise?
- I can't see anything.
We can use 'can't' for deduction. The opposite of 'can't' in this context is 'must'.
- You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.
- You must be hungry. You haven't eaten anything all day.
- He was in London one hour ago when I spoke to him. He can't be here yet.
Pattern :
1. S + aux + be + complement (noun, adv, adj)
2. S + aux verb + adj
For short -form negatives add –n’t, exceptions are “i’m not,” “can’t”, “shan’t”, “wont”.
Examples :
1. My sister can speak Spain
2. I will go to Puncak next week
3. You must do your home work by yourself
4. I should go with my father now
5. You may go to the concert tonight
CAUSATIVE USE OF “HAVE”
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
- I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
- We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
- You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
- I have to send a report to Head Office every week.
In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.
- I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.
- We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.
MUST AND NEEDN’T
We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.
- There's no heating on. You must be freezing.
- You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
- I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
- It must be nice to live in Florida.
We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)
- I must go to bed earlier.
- They must do something about it.
- You must come and see us some time.
- I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.
The function of ‘must and needn’t are to express the absence of obligation or necessity to do something (that is, the opposite of “must” the form “need not” is used)
Alternative forms are haven’t got to, “don’t have to”, “don’t need to”.
Examples :
1. There's no heating on. You must be freezing.
2. It must be nice to live in Florida.
3. You must come and see us some time.
4. You needn’t waste your time
5. I needn’t buy this book
MUST AND HAVE TO
There is usually a difference meaning between the present tense form “must” and “have to” in affirmative statements.
“Must” expresses obligation or compulsion from the speakers view point.
“Have to” expresses external obligation.
Examples :
1. In France, you have to drive on the right.
2. In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
3. John has to wear a tie at work.
4. I must call my mother tomorrow.
5. I must go now.
6. You must visit us soon.
HAVE TO AND NEED
These are mostly used for one particular occasion. This is a preference, not a rule and except where one of the above aspects requires emphasis, all four forms are interchangeable. The forms of have to and need can be compared in the following examples where the idea of one special occasion or habit is strongly present.
Examples :
1. I have to be home by ten. (My parents told me so.)
2. I don't have to get up early at weekend.
3. I haven't got to take my sister to school, my parents do it.
4. You need to call your mom
5. I need some sugar to my coffee
DIDN’T NEED TO GO AND NEEDN’T HAVE GONE
Didn’t need to = wasn’t necessary, so probably not done
Needn’t have = wasn’t necessary, so probably not done
Both are opposites of “I had to”, with the above difference of meaning.
Examples :
1. My house is already done, so I needn’t have to rented a house
2. My house is already done, so I didn’t need to rented a house
CAN
A careful analysis of all sentences where we can not use “could” as simple past tense of “can” shows the following idea to be common to all of them. They deal with attainment of something through some capacity
Function of can :
a. to express permission or possibility
b. to express ability or capacity
Examples :
1. I can do it better than you
2. You can leave your car in that parking space.
3. Can I speak to you or are you too busy?
PRESENT TENSE
Formula :
a. S + V1 (es/s) + O + ADVERB
b. S + + Don’t / doesn’t + v1 + O + ADVERB
c. Do/Does + S+V1+ O + ADVERB ?
We use the simple present tense when an action is general, the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future, the action is not only happening now and the statement is always true.
1. I always go to campus everyday.
2. I don’t go to campus everyday.
3. Do you go to school everyday ?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Pattern :
(+) S + HAS / HAVE + V III +……………
(-) S + HAS / HAVE + NOT + V III +……………
(?) HAS / HAVE +S + V III +……………
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples :
1. I have swept the floor.
2. You have done it.
3. He hasn’t taken the paper yet.
4. Have you gone out to the party ?
PAST TENSE
(+) S + V2 +O+………………….
(-) S+ DID NOT+ V1 +O………..
(?) DID + S + V1 + ……………..
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples :
1. He didn't wash his car.
2. Did you go to America ?
3. I didn’t take a message.
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used before the main verbs and after be verbs.
Examples :
1. I usually drive the car at night
2. You often run in the morning.
3. I always have breakfast at 07 :00 in the morning.
FUTURE TENSE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
FORMULA :
S + will/shall + V
S + will + have + V3
Examples :
1. We will see what we can do to help you.
2. Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
3. You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
FORMULA :
( + ) S + had + V3
( + ) S + had + NOT +V3
( ? ) HAD + S + V3 ?
The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past".
Examples :
1. I didn’t burn it. I had saved it.
2. I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
3. I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
4. We were too late. The train had left.
CONDITIONAL AND UNREAL PAST
Situations that are always true if something happens. This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' .
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
Examples :
1. I would lower taxes if I were the President.
2. They would buy a new house if they had more money.
3. She would marry Ram if she became rich
QUESTION TAG
Question tags is a question to get answer “yes”, and to emphasize the question.
Example:
You don’t go anywhere, do you ?
She didn’t take some pens, do you ?
The weather's bad, isn't it?
But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?
GET AND GOT FORMS
The form “ I’ve got “ is used almost universally for I have.
“ I’d got in past tense, but less frequently.
Past tense form occurs mostly in reported speech.
Examples :
1. You got the black one from your friend
2. She had to get up early tomorrow
3. You’ve got to work more
PREDICATIVE ‘SO’ AND ‘NOT’
A useful and important time saver in English speech is the use of ‘so’ with I think, believe, hope, afraid, etc, in responses.
Examples :
1. I think it will be better tomorrow I hope so
2. I expect this boots is small for you I don’t think so
3. It seems it will be rain I am afraid so
4. Is there a time for another cup of coffee I think not
DO AND MAKE
The verb "do"
The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.)
The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences
Simple Present:
He does not play football.
Simple Past:
He did not play football.
The auxiliary "do" in questions
Simple Present:
Does he play football?
Simple Past:
Did he play football?
The verb do is irregular:
Simple Present:
I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it/we/you/they did
The full verb "do"
As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary.
positive sentence:
She does her homework every day.
negative sentence:
She doesn't do her homework every day.
question:
Does she do her homework every day
Sentences without the auxiliary "do"
In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:
the full verb is "be"
Example:
I am not angry. / Are you okay?
the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will)
Example:
They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that?
the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should)
Example:
We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please?
the question asks for the subject of the sentence
Example:
Who sings that song?
We Use the verb 'do' when speaking about things in general. In other words, to describe an action without saying exactly what the action is. This form is often used with the words 'something, nothing, anything, everything, etc.'
We use the verb 'make' for constructing, building or creating. 'Make' is often used when referring to preparing food of any kind.
Examples :
1. I'm not doing anything today.
2. He does everything for his mother.
3. She's doing nothing.
4. She makes a cup of coffee
5. Yesterday, I made a cup cake
INFINITIVE
Frequently a clause having the same subjects. As the main sentence can be more concisely expressed by using an infinitive.
Examples :
1. The teacher ask him to study hard
2. My parents ask me to do homework
3. My lovely ask me to do some thing.
GERUND
When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund.Examples :
1. Speaking English is very easy
2. Hearing the teacher is very bored.
3. Smoking costs a lot of money.
4. My favourite occupation is reading.
5. I don't like writing.
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
A gerund can often be replaced by an infinitive with to-. When a to- infinitive is used, the subject is shown to make effort at something, attempt or endeavor to do something. If a gerund is used, the subject is shown to attempt to do something in testing to see what might happen.
Examples :
1. They advise walking to town.
2. She loves painting.
3. Do you hate working on Saturdays?
4. Do you want to go to the beach?
5. Do you want me to go to the beach with you?
We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about). There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which. Notice that the possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).
Examples :
1. We've found everyone's keys. Whose did you find?
2. There's one car missing. Whose hasn't arrived?
3. Which will the doctor see first?
4. The man whom she chose will do a wonderful job.
5. Who has been sitting in my chair?
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in asentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.
Examples :
1. The book is on the table.
2. She held the book over the table.
3. The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
4. The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office.
5. There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
As the name suggests, these clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person or thing involved.
Examples :
1. Elephants who marry mice are very unusual.
2. There's something that you should know.
3. A clown is someone who makes you laugh.
4. Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge?
5. They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used in order to ask a question.
Often it has no antecedent because the antecedent is unknown. That is why the question is being asked! In modern English there are five interrogative pronouns:
what, which, who, whom, and whose.
Note that all five words may also be used as relative pronouns. A relative pronoun may be found in a question; an interrogative pronoun is found only in a question.
Relative pronouns refer to an antecedent, and they begin adjective clauses.
1)This the toy WHICH I bought from my friend, Nick.
2)This is my friend, WHOM I met at School.
3)This is my friend, WHO walks with me to School
4)This is the toy THAT I like the most.
Often it has no antecedent because the antecedent is unknown. That is why the question is being asked! In modern English there are five interrogative pronouns:
what, which, who, whom, and whose.
Note that all five words may also be used as relative pronouns. A relative pronoun may be found in a question; an interrogative pronoun is found only in a question.
Relative pronouns refer to an antecedent, and they begin adjective clauses.
1)This the toy WHICH I bought from my friend, Nick.
2)This is my friend, WHOM I met at School.
3)This is my friend, WHO walks with me to School
4)This is the toy THAT I like the most.
Examples :
1. The coach will select whomever he pleases.
2. He seemed to say whatever came to mind.
3. She will tell you what you need to know.
4. We know who is guilty of this crime.
5. I already told the detective what I know about it.
EMPHATIC CONNECTIVES
Whatever, Whoever, Whichever, Whenever, However etc. These words mean ‘it doesn’t matter what’, ‘it doesn’t matter who’, ‘it doesn’t matter which etc. They are conjunctions, joining clauses together.
Examples :
1. Human beings always want more however rich they are.
2. Wherever you go in Kerala, you’ll find coconut trees.
3. The people were friendly whenever I went.
4. Be quiet whatever happens.
5. However rich human beings are, they always want more
6.
THERE IS AND IT IS
There is used to say that something exists in a particular place. It is used to talking about weather, time, distance, and identifying something.
Examples :
1. It was sunny yesterday
2. It’s five o’clock
3. How far is it to Toronto
4. There is a book on the table.
5. There are three men in the car.
REPORTED SPEECH
we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.
Examples :
1. Sarah said, “I no need the money for the dictionary”
2. Sheila asked, “Why don’t you come pick on someone your own size”.
3. Andri told Yeyen, “Bring your camera, please!”
4. Deni asked me whether/if I would like to come
PASSIVE VOICE
KIND OF PASSIVE VOIVE
— PASSIVE VOICE IN SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
— PASSIVE VOUCE IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE
— PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE
— PASSIVE VOICE IN PERFECT TENSE
— PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST CONTINUOS TENSE
— PASSIE VOICE IN FUTURE TENSE
— PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST FUTURE TENSE
— PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST PERFECT TENSE
PASSIVE VOICE IN SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
— S + BE (AM,IS,ARE) + BY + O
EXAMPLES :
— THAT MATERIALS ARE PREPARED BY ME.
— THE KENNEL IS MADE BY BOBI’S FATHER.
— THE ENGLISH CLASS IS BUILTED BY OUR HEADMASTER.
— THIS BOOK IS WROTE BY MR.HASIBUAN.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
— S + WAS / WERE +V III +BY+O.
FUTURE TENSE
— S+ SHALL/WILL+BE+V III+BY+O
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S+BE(AM,IA,ARE)+BEING+V III+BY+O
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
— S+WAS/WERE+BEING+V III+BY+O
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
— S+HAVE/HANS+BEEN+V III+BY+O
PAST PERFECT TENSE
— S+HAD+BEEN+V III+BY+O
PAST FUTURE TENSE
— S+SHOULD/WOULLD+BE+V III+BY+O
PAST FUTURE TENSE
— S+SHOULD/WOULD+BE+V III+BY+O
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Examples :
1. It is said that women live longer than men.
2. Houses are built.
3. Women are said to live longer than men.
4. Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years.
5. It will be finished tomorrow
Certainly has the sense of 'it's a fact'. Surely is used when the speaker is either trying to reassure themeslves or another person.
Examples :
1. It’s worth going to see, surely
2. He’ll certainly not forget to bring it
3. I’m certainly not going out in this rain
FAIRLY AND RATHER
Fairly is an adverb of degree. It generally modifies adjectives and adverbs. Rather is stronger than quite. It suggests ideas such as ‘more than is usual’, ‘more than was expected’ or ‘more than was wanted’.
Examples :
1. I think I should close the window. It is rather cold.
2. I rather think we are going to lose.
PHRASE OPENING
All those stock phrases that lead easily into our thought. They are commonly followed by an infinitive or a clause with ‘that’, and it is a very valuable conversational exercise for more advanced students to be given such an opening and be asked to finish the sentence.
Example :
1. The time has come for us to say good night
2. It’s bad for you to eat much
3. it’s wrong for you to forget your money
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